Free Essay on Nathaniel Hawthornes Scarlet Letter - The Character of Pearl :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Character of Pearl in The Scarlet Letter   One of the most complex and lucubrate characters in The Scarlet Letter is Pearl, the daughter of Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale. Pearl, throughout the story, develops into a dynamic individual, as well as an extremely important symbol. Pearl is shunned because of her mformer(a)s sin. Pearl is a living representation of the scarlet letter - acting as a constant reminder of Hesters sin.   Hawthorne uses vivid descriptions to characterize Pearl. She is first described as the child ...whose innocent biography had sprung, by the inscrutable decree of Providence, a lovely and immortal flower, out of the rank luxuriance of a guilty passion. (81). From the beginning of her life she is viewed as the product of a sin, as a punishment. Physically, Pearl has a beauty that became every day more brilliant, and the intelligence that threw its quivering fair weather everywhere the tiny features of this child. (81-82). Pearl is ravishi ng, with beauty that shone with deep and vivid tints a bright complexion, eyes possessing intensity both of depth and glow, and hair already of a deep, lustrous brown, and which, in after years, would be nearly akin to black. Combining with her extreme beauty, are the lavish dresses that she wears. The exquisite dresses and her beauty cause her to be viewed as even up stranger from the other typical Puritan children, whom are dressed in traditional clothing. As a result, she is certain by nature and animals, and ostracized by the other Puritan children. Pearl was a born outcast of the infantile world... the whole peculiarity, in short, of her position in respect to other children. (86). Pearl was not accepted by the children her unavoidable seclusion was due to the sin of her mother. On the rare occasion that the children would show interest in Pearl she would grow positively terrible in her puny wrath, snatching up stones to fling at them... (87)   As a result of Pearls sec lusion from society nature sympathizes with Pearl, which can be seen with the role of the sunshine in the forest. The light lingered about the lonely child, as if glad of such a playmate, (168). The sunshine is grateful for Pearl, accepting her as an equal. Hawthorne describes another sign of toleration as the great black forest...became the playmate of the lonely infant. (187).

Efficacy of Rehabilitative Programs Essay -- Correctional Programs, re

Criminal justice programs around the world face unhomogeneous challenges particularly in rehabilitating the behavior of inmates inwardly correctional facilities. The purpose of this research paper will be to assess the various issues that exist in rehabilitative programs within prison systems. Basically, rehabilitation programs argon used to correct and rehabilitate criminal offenders so that they can emerge as useful members of society once they fire their prison sentences. Some of the rehabilitation programs that are commonly used to reform inmates include counseling, health and fitness programs, transcendental meditation, academic programs and religious programs. These rehabilitative programs are usually based on the assumption that criminal behavior in most suspects is caused by some contri thating factor such as a history of violence, psychological or mental disorders (Barkan & Bryjak, 2009). Such an assumption does not refute that some criminals make their own personal choi ces to break the law but rather it argues that these personal choices are usually caused by certain factors which contribute to criminal behavior. Rehabilitation programs are therefore based on such perspectives where the various correctional programs are designed to deal with criminal enforcing behavior. For example counseling programs could focus on the behavior that led to the criminal offender committing the offense fleck educational programs could focus on how to change negative behavior to positive behavior. Correctional programs in prison facilities are therefore important in cut back the recurrence of criminal behavior as well as reducing recidivism among probationers and parolees (Barkan & Bryjak, 2009).In general, rehabilitation programs have been effe... ...on are usually focused on property the prisoners mentally happy. Religious programs provide inmates with coping mechanisms and spiritual guidance which enable them to deal with prison life. These programs also prov ide forums for prisoners where they can be able to discharge motivate and reconcile with their fellow inmates within the prison (OConner & Pallone, 2003). The efficacy of these programs has also not been determined by criminologists given that most prisoners who practice religion in prison fail to do so once they are released. Religious programs are therefore seen as temporary measures that enable prisoners to find spiritual comfort in either Christian religious programs or Qaran readings. The overall effectiveness of these programs will however be determined by the number of prisoners who have not recorded any repeat offenses on being released from prison.

Plagiarism - A Severe Threat to the Society Essay -- Argumentative Per

Plagiarism - A Severe Threat to the Society Every day throughout the world, teachers strive to attain the most from their students in every fount of life, from effective communication and language skills, to the evolution of individualism and the concept of being the best that you could be. With the use of exams, class discussions, and written assignments, educators subconsciously reinforce the idea that achievement can nevertheless be achieved from within, with personal expression and dedication to each and every task faced in modern existence. The world, as we see it today, has non evolved by people copying one anothers ideas. It has evolved from the willingness of individuals to step up and make their intentions known, to bring about new ideas and concepts to forever change the milieu in which we live. All too often, though, due to stress, insufficient time totallyowance, or just plain laziness, people take the quickest and most unproblematic begin to getting n aturalize done, in turn, failing to play their part in societys evolution by retaining individual ideas and viewpoints. For centuries, plagiarism has been a major stumbling block in the pathway for academic success. Plagiarism, as defined, means to steal and pass off the ideas or words of another as ones own. It has existed in one form or another since the advent of time, with individuals copying the work of others to propel themselves forward in their own education or professional work field. The problem is magnified significantly in todays society as we live in a high speed world where all of the information that you could possibly need is at the convenience of your fingertips. Across the United States, universities -- and even in ... ... were forced to deal with it. Evaluated more thoroughly, these statistics show not only a problem with student plagiarizing, but also an underlying problem of the failure to recognize it as a severe threat to the future dev elopment of todays society. In order for society to continue to grow and prosper in technology, educators and employers alike must realize that plagiarism is indeed a genuine concern and as a result, must be dealt with in a more severe matter to encourage individualism. Often the threat of a failed grade or expulsion from a university is not enough to deter students from cheating if known instances have not been appropriately dealt with in the past. If the problem is to be mended, educators must make examples of students who plagiarize written material, so we can discontinue the trend that seems to be irresistible to todays society.

Christianity is the True Humanism :: Religion Religious Essays

Christianity is the True Humanism Recently, I heard a shocking story about young boy who was raised in a coffin. Having been abandoned by his mom and dad, the childs dysfunctional grandparents grudgingly conditiond the task of raising him. For some bizarre reason, they kept him curb in a coffin, and only let him out to eat and go to the bathroom. Once the authorities rescued him, they discovered that the little fellow had no estimate that there was any other way to exist. He thought all children were raised in coffins. To him that was reality. His life was de valetizing. He did not know it.Similarly, many of us to twenty-four hour period do not realize just how dehumanizing our own society actually is. Granted, we dont alive in coffins, but we do live in a deadly culture that increasingly undermines the dignity of human life. The corruption of sexuality, the dissolution of marriage, the breakdown of the family, pornography, abortion, infanticide, euthanasia, rampant consumer ism, political malfeasance, corporate scandal, ecclesiastical betrayal, prodigal individualism, the obsession with technology and biotechnology, and the desecration of the environment are just a few of the powerful forces that are chipping away day by day at what it means to be human. Ironically, most people have no idea that there is any other way to exist. Most simply assume that this is just the way life is. Few, if any, are asking whether or not we are witnessing the abolition of man.Is there any vision of life that can answer us realize that we are living in the coffin of a lethal, dehumanizing culture and show us a better way? A Christian worldview answers affirmatively with a resounding Yes In fact, Christianity is the true humanism which delivers us from the pit of degradation and lifts us up to the peak of nobility and respect.In all creation, we human beings alone are the image and likeness of God. We can reflect, love, create, and most importantly, worship the One whose image we bear. God has given us stewardship over creation to develop a rich and godly culture that benefits others and honors God. Art and science, work and play, marriage and family, church and state are our gifts and tasks. God has crowned us with glory and stateliness (Psalm 8 5). By redemption, Jesus Christ has reconciled us to God from whom we were estranged because of sin.

Similarities and Differences in the Two Poems, Cousin Kate and The Sedu

The two narrative poems, first cousin Kate and The Seduction affirm a number of similarities between them, such as the poems are twain based on love and the misuse of women. However, the two poems are also very different in some styles. For instance, the reactions to love vary in the poems. cousin Kate was set in the 1860s and The Seduction was set in the 1970s, therefore, the poems are set one hundred years apart from each other. It is due to this that they have many differences between them. The difference in time contri exactlyes to the language that the poems have been written in. The two poems are also set in different areas. Cousin Kate is set in the rural countryside, and The Seduction is set in an urban area. An example of a difference is the way their emotions and views on love are presented. For the causation that the poems are set in different centuries, people thought of love differently, they did have the same morals or reactions to the pregnancies.Cousin Kate was w ritten by a female poet called Christina Rossetti. The poem is divided into six stanzas. It consists of an abcb rhyming scheme. For instance, the poet has rhymed air and fair. The rhyming of the words allows the poem to be read fluently and in a rhythmic pattern. The poem could be sing-songed to seem more interesting to listen to.This poem consists of terzetto main characters the Cottage first, Cousin Kate and the Great Lord. The three characters have three very diverse personalities in the poem. The poem is written in the first person, from the Cottage Maidens point of view, therefore, she is describing her feelings throughout the poem. On the other hand, you can only observe Cousin Kate and the Great Lord through the Cottage Maidens eyes and conseq... ...to live.Ultimately, as well as having their differences, the poems are very alike. They both have the same moods throughout the poem anger, sadness and betrayal. The themes are also comparable betrayal, respect, pain and lov e. However, they are different because of the way the poems have been written. The Seduction is more like a story, going through the different stages in her life. Whereas, Cousin Kate could be seen like a diary, the Cottage Maiden is talking about her feelings and emotions about different aspects of her life. I think that both of the poems succeed in what the poet set out to do. In Cousin Kate I undergo the emotions the Cottage Maiden encountered. In The Seduction I saw how inconsequential the girls life was to the boy. She was not ready to be a woman, but she had no choice. I felt the loneliness and betrayal she experienced.

Similarities and Differences in the Two Poems, Cousin Kate and The Sedu

The two narrative poetrys, Cousin Kate and The conquering have a number of similarities among them, such as the poems are both based on love and the misuse of women. However, the two poems are also precise different in some ways. For instance, the reactions to love vary in the poems.Cousin Kate was nock in the 1860s and The Seduction was set in the 1970s, therefore, the poems are set one hundred years apart from each other. It is due to this that they have many differences between them. The difference in time contributes to the language that the poems have been written in. The two poems are also set in different areas. Cousin Kate is set in the rural countryside, and The Seduction is set in an urban area. An example of a difference is the way their emotions and views on love are presented. For the reason that the poems are set in different centuries, people thought of love differently, they did have the same morals or reactions to the pregnancies.Cousin Kate was written by a fem ale poet called Christina Rossetti. The poem is divided into six stanzas. It consists of an abcb rhyming scheme. For instance, the poet has rhymed air and fair. The rhyming of the words allows the poem to be read fluently and in a Adonic pattern. The poem could be sing-songed to seem more interesting to listen to.This poem consists of ternary main characters the Cottage world-class, Cousin Kate and the Great Lord. The three characters have three very diverse personalities in the poem. The poem is written in the first person, from the Cottage Maidens point of view, therefore, she is describing her feelings throughout the poem. On the other hand, you stomach only observe Cousin Kate and the Great Lord through the Cottage Maidens eyes and conseq... ...to live.Ultimately, as well as having their differences, the poems are very alike. They both have the same moods throughout the poem anger, sadness and betrayal. The themes are also comparable betrayal, respect, pain and love. How ever, they are different because of the way the poems have been written. The Seduction is more like a story, going through the different stages in her life. Whereas, Cousin Kate could be seen like a diary, the Cottage Maiden is talking most her feelings and emotions about different aspects of her life. I think that both of the poems succeed in what the poet set out to do. In Cousin Kate I experienced the emotions the Cottage Maiden encountered. In The Seduction I saw how inconsequential the girls life was to the boy. She was not ready to be a woman, but she had no choice. I felt the loneliness and betrayal she experienced.

Social diagnosis

Would you rather follow your heart or your head? 33. What is your opinion about same gender relationships? 34. Do you gauge the past matters in a relationship? 35. How would you react if I told I have had a relationship with a partner of the same gender? 36. Do you believe in any god or gods? Why? 37. Do you have any political opinions? 38. Do you have any hobbies? 39. Have you constantly experimented with drugs? 40. What do you think is the key to good pargonnting? 41. Do you like pets in the house? 42.What is the weirdest thing about you? 43. ascertain me some(a)thing about your first kiss. 44. If your parents dont like me for some reason, is that a deal breaker? 45. Have you perpetually regretted mavin of your romantic encounters? 46. Do you believe in soul mates? 47. Do you have a criminal record, any contraction of diseases? 48. What is your dream Job? 49. Are you willing to stay away from your family if you incessantly have to for a Job? 50. Which living notoriety/author /singer would you like to know? 51 . If you could meet a famous dead person, whom would you like to meet? . What do you think about unfaithfulness in a relationship? 53. Do you think love at first sight is possible? 54. How do you balance personal responsibilities with relationship responsibilities? 55.Who is your favourite(a) fictional character and why? 56. Do you prefer reading books or watching word-paintings? 57. Do you have any regrets in life? 58. What is your noble-minded vacation? 59. Do you have a favorite movie? 60. If you are allowed to do Just one thing for the rest of your life, what would it be? 61 . What is the one thing about you that you take pride in? . What is the most courageous thing you have ever done in your life? 63. What is your earliest storehouse? 64. What do you like most about you? 65. Will you be 0K with me hanging out with you and your friends? 66. What would you do if you wanted to live your life differently? 67. Have you ever taken dancing class es? DO you like to dance? 68. Do you think it is important to learn any form ofa performing art? 69. What are you feel for in a relationship? In the long term or short term? 70. If you have three wishes, what do would you wish for? 71 .Which is the cry that makes you happy? 72. If you could have a superpower, what would be your superpower? 73. Who is the most influential person for you so far in life? 74. Is there a movie that makes you cry no matter how many times you watch it? 75. If you could change one thing about yourself, what would it be? 76. What is the best advice you ever received? 77 What kind ot music you like? 78. If you had a previous relationship, why did your last relationship break up? 79. Are you still friends with that person? 80. Was there ever a best moment you spent with them? 1 .What are the craziest things that youVe done with someone? 82. What will you have accomplished one year from now? 83. If you could go on a road trip where would you go? 84. What is t he best part about family life? 85. What is a favorite memory you have of being with your family? 86. Tell me 3 good points about me. 87. What are your expectations of me? 88. Did you ever want to kill someone? 89. Have you ever wanted something really bad and then later, not so much? 90. Is there anything I could do to make you think I am bad? 91 . What would you do without lectricity for 3 days? 2. Do you like to go shopping, not buying, shopping? 93. After I had asked you out for the first time, was there any part of you that wanted to say no? 94. Where are some other places you like to go on dates? 95. What are your views on open relationships? Do you know what an open relationship is? 96. Would you ever adopt a child? 97. Is money more important to you or arerelationships you share with people more important?

Project Management Process [in Construction]

ADVANCE PROJECT MANAGEMENT tramp commission carry out In Construction dispatch Ibtisam, Badar Reg. No CIIT/SP13-RPM-292/CVC CIIT/SP13-RPMEmail emailprotected edu. pk Project Management Process 2 Project Management Processes A PROJECT MANAGEMENT Process is the management process of planning and controlling the cognitive process or proceeding of a fuddle. Project management is one of the critical processes of any mould. This is due to the fact that project management is the core process that connects tout ensemble other project activities and processes together.Project management is a responsible process. The project management process connects all other project activities together and creates the harmony in the project. Therefore, the project management squad should expect a detailed understanding on the all project management processes and the tools that they tramp make use for for each one project management process. When it comes to the activities of project manageme nt, there atomic number 18 plenty. However, these plenty of project management activities can be categorized into five main processes. THE FIVE PROJECT PROCESS GROUPS . Initiation 2. formulation 3. Implementation / Execution 4. Monitoring, Evaluation & Control 5. Closure Project Management Process 3 Project Management Process In Construction Project In my all working c areer, I only deal with two types of projects, i. e. IT and Construction Project. So if someone asks to me where you have to invest, I will prefer these two areas. In this report, Im discussing about construction project management process. As I believe, construction is a field which boosts jobs and help in unemployment.In this report, I want to talk about project management process according to new project of Housing society or Villas construction project. I will consider this project according to each phase and step of project management process. Project Initiating The Initiating phase of the Construction projec t management process is where the project gets defined and original by management. The inputs to this phase are ordinarily a statement of work or a contract given to you by the project sponsor. Other inputs are the environmental factors of your organization much(prenominal) as policies, procedures, and cultures to name a few.The payoff of the Initiating process is a Project Charter, focus on project scope and cost issue, set major milestones, and a Preliminary Project Scope Statement. We value leading the Project with a commitment that allows for nothing but success. By include new ideas, working substantially with our partners, conflux challenges with enthusiasm, and serving as positive advocates for the project, we will provide the leadership required for exceptional delivery. We value managing the Project well by clarifying our priorities, defining expectations and directing all efforts toward addressing the most critical issues first.Working hard to determine what musti ness(prenominal) be done to guide potential toward hazard will provide the focus we need to succeed. We value the resources entrusted to us. By developing and recognizing our staff, practicing fiscal responsibility, measuring and reporting on performance, delivering what we promise, keeping to a memorandum, and communicating with veracity and transparency, we will demonstrate our integrity. Measures of Success Safety No Recordable or lost magazine injuries and reportable injuries lower than the industry average Schedule Meet or eat complete project milestones Budget Manage risks to contain costs within budget Quality Conform to project requirements without adverse effects on milestones or budget Environmental Compliance Complete project without permit violations. Public Perception Strong Community Support Through Effective chat Project Management Process 4 Project Planning Once a contract has been awarded It is the responsibility of the project staff to freshen the item strong lists and arrange for deletion of material codes that will not be required.They shall besides request addition of item material codes that they determine are necessary. Site coach staff reviews the uploaded data in Site carriage for accuracy prior to making a project active. If the contract contains more than one category, the site bus staff will discuss with the project engineer and supervising engineer (SE) the need to keep the multiple categories. The SE will determine if the Site Manager staff should process an administrative construction order to combine Categories with like federal funding. A preconstruction meeting with the Contractor must be held for all Contracts awarded.The purposes of the meeting are To review the Contract, especially job-specific special provisions. To discuss Project features, particularly those that may present problems. To discuss Environmental Permits and concerns. To discuss the potential problems of water befoulment and soil erosi on. To review the Contractors proposed progress schedule. To review the methods of handling traffic. To review sampling and testing requirements for materials to be used throughout the construction process. Project Management Process 5 To address any of the Contractors questions concerning the plans and the Contract. Any problems that cannot be resolved at this meeting will be reviewed with the District office, and the final determination will be transmitted to all concerned, and if feasible, incorporated in the written report of the meeting. Start and completion dates for utilities must also be sent to the Manager of Fiscal and finical Projects, and The Transportation Utilities Engineer. Notification should be sent to both of the above within seven days of effective completion date so final audits can be performed.The original of all memorandums regarding project status must be addressed and sent to the Construction Division Chief. The functional requirements for constructio n planning such as technology choice, work breakdown, and budgeting. Construction planning is not an activity which is restricted to the period after the award of a contract for construction. It should be an infixed activity during the facility design. Also, if problems arise during construction, re-planning is required. Project Implementation/ExecutionIn this stage we deal with contract management, Construction Management , and cost management. The integration of the different design aspects more or less always requires that changes in approach be made in each aspect to accommodate the others. Such changes should be made as wee in the design of the construction as possible, since the time and work required in making changes increases rapidly as the design becomes more detailed. It is helpful therefore to have a systematic approach to the coordination of these approaches, and the Design skeleton is a good opportunity for providing this.It is suggested that some initial indicatio ns are included in the Design Brief at the project inception stage, and that the consultants amend these as the design develops. The building envelope consists of all the different elements that make up the fabric of the building, such as the floor, walls, windows and roof. Most of the design decisions relating to the building envelope are the responsibility of the architect and structural engineer. They have a large impact on the thermal performance of the building, and it is therefore essential that the performance of the envelope is coordinated with the design of the HVAC system.This is the area that offers most opportunities for improved building performance through an integrated design approach. Project Management Process 6 Monitoring, Evaluation & Control In this portion we deal with risk management, quality management and also do many good-natured of testing. Quality control starts with matching expectations about quality levels with budget and scope during planning and des ign reviews and continues through construction delivery with a program of inspections, tests, and certifications.It requires a coordinated performance among the entire project team in order for a completed building program to fully satisfy a clients and the building users expectations. Having a process implemented at the beginning of the project will help define the goals as well as provide a unremitting measurement system over time to make sure the objectives are being met. The responsibility rests withe project team and the project owner. Also the carriage who has general management or project owner jurisdiction also shares in the residual responsibility.This process is done at many levels such as The individual professionals level The work package level The functional managers level The project team level The general managers level The project owners level Project audits provide the opportunity to have an independent appraisal of where the project stands and the efficienc y and effectiveness with which the project is being managed. Audits can be planned periodicly, but also requested when there is a sense that the project is in trouble, or when a new manager takes over in order to become disposed with the project.Project audits should Determine what is going right or wrong, and why Identify forces and factors that have prevented achievements of cost, schedule, and technical performance goals and Evaluate the efficacy of existing project management strategy Provide for an exchange of ideas, information, problems, solutions, and strategies with the project team members The task is to manage the project as it progresses, using the project control systems to maximum advantage. Project control is outstrip analyzed by applying the factors of a unique operation, following its output and measuring its results.All factors are to be considered labor, materials and equipment. One might also have to consider the employment of the subcontractors, as they a ffect the sequencing of a task. In measuring the factors, the project manager must key in on the productivity of his labor force, measuring output over a given period of time. From these results, the project manager can then make a comparison against the project estimate, and against the objectives to meet the expected goals. To be affected in managing the project, the project manager must exercise three modes of operation.These three modes are planning, communicating and monitoring of the project. The project must be well-planned, each factor of the plan properly communicated, carefully monitored and controlled. Proper planning involves one of the initiatives of the goal setting process, the preparation of the schedules, a solid logistics plan and time-based general conditions established to monitor all phases of construction. The limits of construction should be clear and they must comply with the language of Project Management Process 7 the contract documents. Collectively, thes e are the tools undeniable to compile this information.It must then be the commitment of the project superintendent and labor forces to carry out the tasks within these limits. To properly implement the plan, the plan must be communicated in such a fashion that there is full understanding of its purpose. One successful mode is the construction schedule. This guide to the project must clearly show each activity starting and finishing dates, duration, resources, long lead item purchasing schedule, submittal dates, purchasing dates, materials delivery to site dates all tied(p) together by meaningful relationships, the networking between tasks. Closer & conclusionAs part of the Project Closure Plan, Suring success of a project the Project Manager needs to outride mindful of the close-out activities that bring a job to its responsible end. The process involves several very important accomplishments that are clearly defined in the construction documents usually in the general condition s section of the specification book. To be successful it is always prudent to be informed and prepared. At the startup of the project a review of each trade section would further help depict needed final submittal information, that each of your subcontractors would be obligated to produce to complete their contract.It is now time to make a close out checklist. This checklist is an excellent tool to include in each subcontract, locking each subcontractor into ownership of their respective final submittal material, whether it is warranties, volume drawings, or operation and maintenance manuals a clear reminder at the set time of contract signing is a good way to identify that you are in control. Referencing this information at the halfway point of a longer project would allow you to focus on closing out subcontracts of early finish work completed early, reducing your challenges at the end of the project.The close-out materials are generally comparable to the submission materials req uired for approval by the architect at the start-up of the work by any trade. At the end of the project a manual including all of these pieces of literature are assembled and you publish this collection to the client via the architect. extra information may include as-built drawings replications of the architect plans with markups that identify the changes made and approved throughout the construction period and most certainly, letters of warrantee from each take part subcontractor. process will be developed that will address the things most important to employees as they explore options for their future. During this process, the management team promises to Be open and candid about decisions that affect an employees position on the team Work directly with employees to allow opportunities inside and outside the project to develop new skills and pop existing ones Promptly communicate to employees project changes that might affect them.We want to keep employees engaged in the cu rrent project and ensure that they are ready for new challenges. Employees can share immediate and long-term plans by completing the Employee Interest Survey described above. The employees manager will schedule an informal meeting to discuss the employees responses in the Interest Survey. The outcome of this meeting will be to turn those short and long-term goals into an action plan.

Strategic Market Planning

Tutorial 2. 2 Strategic Market Planning 1. 4 Discuss the concept of equilibrate strategicalal supplying and the approach outlined by the Balanced Performance Scorecard. What atomic number 18 the five common principles associated with implementing the balanced approach to strategic planning? The idea of having balanced strategic planning outlined by the balanced performance scorecard is to allow organizations to implement strategy rapidly and with great efficiency by compound the measurement system with the management system.The balanced performance scorecard converts an organizations vision and strategy into a number of action measures that provide the basis for a strategic management and measurement system. The balanced scorecard approaches strategy from four complementary perspectives financial, customer, internal process, and learning and growth. The five common principles associated with implementing the balanced approach to strategic planning are - 1. Translate the strate gy into operational terms. 2. Align the organization to strategy. 3.Make the strategy a part of everyones everyday job. 4. Make the strategy a continual process, i. e. finished every stage of the development, manufacture and distribution of a product. 5. Mobilize change through executive leadership. 2. 4 Describe the role that a code of leave plays in ensuring ethical compliance within a firm. How should a code of conduct be developed, what should it contain, and what are the keys to ensuring that the code is successfully implemented? Codes of conduct are formal statements that describe what an organization expects of its employees.Codes of conduct define good practice by reflecting on the core values of rights, relationships, responsibilities, standards and safety. A code of conduct should be more than a list of rules for employees to adhere by. It should also be an expression of a company or organizations values and an extension of its policies. It should be well judgment out, so as to be a meaningful, useful document that employees actually use. The main things contained in a code of conduct should include the following- 1. license of association and the right to bargain collectively. 2. Forced and bonded labour. 3.Child labour. 4. Non- discrimination. 5. Health and safety. 6. Hours of work. 7. Wages. 8. Security of employment. Also trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring, and citizenship should be included. To ensure that the code is successfully implemented it should be used by everyone and at every stage within an organization. Everyone should be accountable if it is they do not adhere to the code of conduct. 2. 5 What is the relationship among marketing ethics, strategic planning, and organizational performance? How is being market oriented different than having a stakeholder orientation?Adhering to good marketing ethics and being socially responsible will increment an organizations performance while pressure to fiddle perfor mance objectives can also lead to unethical activities. Strategic planning sets out long term goals and objectives for a company so they can see where they want to be performance ways. It ensures that a company will have a good performance for a number of years, and not just for the present, it is a vital attribute for a company to half whether the company is large or small if it is to achieve its objectives and meet performance targets.Being market oriented means a company or organization reacts to what the customers want and all decisions taken are based around reading about customers needs and wants rather than what the business thinks is right for the customer. A company that is shareholder oriented typically views the impact of business operations on profit, furthermore the length of concern for changes in business operations is usually short term such as meeting quarterly or annual results.

Adult returning to the Class room

Trends If I only k pertly then what I Know now, words of wisdom that often youth adults do not appreciate until later in life. As young adults approach graduating from high school, they are faced with having to decide on whether to pursue obtaining a higher precept by attending a community college, university, technical school or to forego the education altogether and enter the workforce.Often the decision parade may not include considering what the impact may be 15 to 20 years down the road. As he global economy continues to be dynamic, employees are finding employers are demanding more than hard work and good work ethics to be considered for employment let alone career growth. Whether or not one has association or experience in a particular field, employers are demanding academic training, resulting in adults returning defend to the classroom, and institutions adapting to how people chamberpot obtain an education.The recent trend for working(a) adults indicates obtaining new employment, maintaining existing employment or climbing the corporate ladder could depend on ones educational primer coat regardless of ones kill set. As a matter of fact, according to a Carbureted survey the results indicated, For many companies, an associate or bachelors degree is increasingly becoming the new high school diploma. The survey also indicated 27 percent of employers have increased the education requirements over the last five years. As employers strive for a greater return on investment, an educated employee willing to adapt to change, with strong interpersonal and technical skills become the most sought out employees. Additionally some(a) employers are indicating that he shift in educational requirements has indicated positives results in regards to employees productivity, work quality, communication, innovation, customer retention, and increased revenue. As employers raise the bar on the educational requirement, more and more adults are returning to the classroo m to acquire new skills.Some adults are enrolling in college for the first time while others are seeking to obtain a bachelors or masters degree. According to The National Center for Education Statistics for the 2013 school year around 8. 7 million older students ages 25 and over have enrolled back in college courses. Some employers are contributing to this trend by enticing employees to return to school with a tuition reimbursement program in exchange for a commitment from the employee to continue employment for a specified period after payment.Still some adult employees might ask is it worth it and according to the US enumerate data the answer would be yes. The 2011 Census results indicate that a person with a bachelor degree earns about 76 percent more than a person with a high school diploma. Employees and employers are not the only affected by the current trend of adults seeking a higher education universities eave also been affected. In todays environment attending the tradit ional school, does not necessarily fit the working adults hectic schedule.The work life balance is essential for working adults especially those with a family. The increasing trend of adult students has challenged universities to become creative with educational offerings. According to Peter Smith, Deed. D, Senior vice president for academic strategies and evolution at Kaplan University, It is critical for post-secondary institutions to provide prospective students with practical education options that will pen up higher educations to a broader audience and increase the ability of these individuals to complete. The start of on-line learning at many universities has afforded working adults with a variety of benefits and flexibility to return to the classroom. Is a college degree or equivalent training needed to compete in todays dynamic workforce? The current trend would suggest, yes. With the additional options implemented by higher education institutions, employees have flexibil ity to obtaining an education. The more knowledge and skills an employee has to offer the more marketable they become to employers.

Lab Report on TLC analisys of Analgestic Drugs Essay

In this experiment, thin-layer chromatography (tender loving care) was utilize to determine the composition of various over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics Anacin, Bufferin, Excedrin, and Tylenol. The TLC plates were first viewed under ultraviolet (UV) light and then treated with iodine vapor in order to visualize the recognizeting. Experiment SchemeIniti ally, sixteen capillary tube micropipets were created in order to spot the TLC plates. Two TLC plates were then obtained and marked with pencil for spotting. A line was drawn 1 cm from the shag of each plate, and five small, evenly spaced marks were made along those lines (see Figure 1). severally mark indicated where a substance would be spotted.All compounds used were in solutions of 1g of each dissolved in 20 ml of a 5050 mixture of methylene chloride and ethanol. The first plate made was the quote plate. Capillary micropipets were used to spot the first cardinal marks with acetaminophen, aspirin, caffeine, and salicylamide (in that order). (See figures 2-5 for chemical structures.)The last mark was spotted with a reference solution of all four chemicals. The second plate made was the sample plate. The first four marks were spotted with Anacin, Bufferin, Excedrin, and Tylenol. The fifth mark was spotted with a reference solution of all four drugs. Figure 1. Prepared TLC platesFigure 2. AcetaminophenFigure 3. AspirinFigure 4. CaffeineFigure 5. SalicylamideA development container was created with a wide-mouthed screwcap jar. It was filled with the development solvent, which was .5% glacial acetic pungent in ethyl acetate, so that the solvent was or so .5 cm deep.The first TLC plate was then carefully placed into the development container. striking care was taken to ensure that the plate went in evenly so that the solvent could rise evenly up the plate. Once the solvent front had reached approximately 1cm from the top of the plate, the plate was removed, the solvent front was marked with a pencil, and the plate was allowed to dry.The second plate was then placed in the development chamber in the same manner as the first. Once the solvent front reached approximately 1cm from the top of the plate, the plate was removed, the solvent front was marked with a pencil, and the plate was allowed to dry. Each plate was then viewed under the UV light.Any spots that were seen were lightly circled with a pencil, and their color was noted. The orders of elution (Rf values) were calculated by dividing the distance from the baseline to the center of the spot by the distance from the baseline to the solvent front. After all observations and calculations were made, the plates were placed in a jar containing iodine.The jar was warmed with hands so that the iodine vaporized. The plates were then removed from the jar and observed. The reference and sample plates were then compared to determine which compounds the drugs on the sample plate contained. Data

Home (Business Overview)

Name of Company is the industry specialist in allowing your wrinkle to mobilize and world-wideize its defrayment options. We consistently maintain and challenge industry standards in the management of mWallet transactions by offering the widest shop of solutions for your business. We offer fully integrative software that places your association on the cutting edge of m peerlesstary management technology, and gives you the power to approach path a wider consumer base. Our mWallet software solutions allow full integration with internet and mobile attends, so that your clients go forth be satisfied and secure in the knowledge of your companys avail strength twenty-four/seven.mWallet is a new fiscal phenomenon that allows the consumer to link a mobile phone cypher to his/her fix account or credit card and perform financial transactions, much(prenominal) as making payments, conveyingring money, and receiving payments via their phone. Businesses that are adequate to(p) to off er this service attract more customers because of their ability to provide a flexible and convenient dimension of payment. Like internet financial transactions, mWallet eliminates the hassle of postponement in lines or in long phone queues in order to make purchases. Yet, mWallet also adds an extra dimension of convenience, in that is allows customers to make these transactions without get at to a computer or to the internet.Name of Company offers the following servicesmWalletEquip your business with the versatility of accepting credit card and other payments via mobile phoneOnline legal proceedingmWallet dummy up gives your business the ability to participate in a number of online E-Commerce Transactions.In-Person Transactions, or onlineThe safe, fast and reli equal method of in-person money transfer is still available with mWallet.Fraud ProtectionWe guarantee the safety of all the transactions made through our musical arrangement. Our watchdogs are on the job night and day to protect against system hacks and other methods of information theft.UpdatesWe continually update you with industry changes, new features, and financial news that might affect or improve your companys ability to process mWallet transactions locally or worldwide.ServicesmWalletEquip your business with the versatility of accepting credit card and other payments via mobile phone. This is an alternative payment processing method that will ensure that you remain on the cutting edge of transaction processing technology, enabling you to attract a wider variety of clientele. Integrate your businesss financial transaction software interface with a mobile application making it easy for clients to bank on the go. cocksure, the flexibility that this method offers your clients in being able to pay from almost anywhere in the world, with or without a computer, will ensure that you keep money flowing into your business at all times. Plus mWallet saves you more in payment transaction addresss tha n other methods, such as reverse billing and premium SMS.With mWallet, give your customers the ability to Check counterbalance Transfer money Make payments Log into a secure server Bank or pay with easeOnlinemWallet still gives your business the ability to participate in a number of online E-Commerce Transactions and integrates credit card processing and other non-traditional payment methods with your online business. Plus we connect you to global financial transfer services such as PayPal. Your clients simply link their bank accounts, credit cards, or PayPal accounts to their mWallet accounts and you begin processing transactions.In PersonThe safe, fast and reliable method of in-person money transfer is still available with mWallet as an excellent solution for processing payments and other transactions. Offer your clients the ability to direct such transfers straight to your account or simply to make haste the making and pick-up of payments more convenient to do in person.Fraud P rotectionWe also give you fraud protection, as our Watchdogs are consistently on the job to ensure the hostage of all transactions made through our interfaces, so you may offer your clients 100% guaranteed information safety. Plus, the inherent security of GSM networks as well as the integrate user authentication capability of mobile phones makes mWallet the secure option for monetary transactionsContact UsWe exceed the industry standard with our highly acclaimed customer service, which pinpoints the circumstantial requirement of both potential client and tailors solutions specifically to tally their business. Our representatives are eager to place you on a path that dramatically increases the availability of your services to a wider range of clients. Our customer service is client-specific, based on intimate knowledge of the financial and commercial industry and the intelligent methods of integrating technology to simplify all its processes. You shadow always reach us immedia tely by phone and you will always receive consultation in a pleasant and information-rich atmosphere.Call our 24-hour customer service lines at The benefits we offer are immediately recognizable in the ease with which your business will be able to attract clients and make the appropriate financial transactions that will simplify the process for both parties. As with everything, we provide a wide variety of contact solutions to make it easy for your business to classify out on the mWallet path. If simplicity, speed, reliability, and security are high on your list of preferences for global transaction management, then be sure to contact us via the methods below. And if you would bid a call back, we are ready to offer that service to you as well.Visit our offices atADDRESS(ES)Or email us at email address to get a precise and client-specific response within 24 hoursSign UpWe know that time is money, and lengthy methods of negotiating transaction management solutions are not conducive to the imperative and progressive nature of your business. Our activation methods are designed with this in mind and have been engineered integrate speed with comprehensiveness so that your mWallet capabilities will be up and running in no time.Simply fill out the form below with specific information regarding your business, and our representatives will use this information to provide you with the most inclusive package options that will fit the needs of your company.1. What is mWallet?mWallet is a specific method of Mobile Money Transfer. This new financial phenomenon is a method that allows the consumer to link a mobile phone account to his/her bank account or credit card and perform financial transactions, such as making payments, transferring money, and receiving payments via their mobile phone2. What are the benefits of mWallet?mWallet allows the consumer to make payments directly from their bank accounts or credit cards without having to get in touch directly with a human ven dor. Like internet financial transactions, it eliminates the need to wait in lines or in long phone queues in order to make purchases. It also adds an extra dimension of convenience, in that is allows these transactions to be made without access to a computer or the internet.3. How can mWallet benefit my business?mWallet attracts clients as it offers a flexible and convenient dimension of payment. It removes many of the burdens connected with performing transactions, such as long waits in queues, and makes the products consumers want to buy much easier to obtain. mWallet also grants the ability to do money transfers internationally. Therefore, given the option, many consumers would choose to do business with a vendor that offers mWallet as an alternative payment/transaction method.4. How popular is the Mobile Money Transfer Service?According to the World Bank, the market for global remittances is a multi-billion dollar industry, and this excludes the informal methods people use to m ake transactions because of the lack of convenience of other methods. mWallet taps into an already booming industry, but one which demonstrates capacity for growth in the area of mobile phone technology.5. How will mWallet improve the transfer experience for businesses?mWallet is much cheaper for business to offer as a service. The cost to the business is significantly lower than reverse billing, premium SMS, and other similar methods.6. How will mWallet improve the transfer experience for the customer? Decreasing the cost of performing money transfers, especially for lower monetary denominations Speeding up the money transfer process Offering improved security methods through the inherently secure GSM networks and the high level of user authentication provided through mobile handsets Increasing ease of access by integrating the software for transactions with the already existing global mobile phone networks

Darkness in Poe, Hawthorne, Melville and Dickinson Essay

E. A. Poe, Hawthorne, Melville and E. Dickinsons works contain similar elements and images which can be related to the theme of inconsolableness. These authors utilise these motives as their main subject throughout their works. Some of them led very gloomy and vileness life so they used those experiences to utter their feelings by putting them on the paper. These verses and works can come across as kind of morbid at first sight so they will be thoroughly explained in the further text. E. A. Poe was labelled as immoral, crazy and depressive by his contemporaries partly because of his most famous poem The antecede.Many of them considered Poes behaviour insane when subroutineu all(prenominal)y he was just a version of Ro mankindtic period moody hero like Byron, Keats and Shelly, nonetheless to mean solar day those insane people are called artists. His works were marked as spooky, spine-tingling and most importantly dark. Furthermore, a solid comparison can be do between 19th cen tury horror writer Poe and 21th century horror writer Stephen King. Although centuries have passed the motif of darkness stays present. The Raven is a poem filled with dark, solitary(a) and melancholic symbols.One of them to begin with is Gothic setting of the poem. Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, / Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore. Ah, distinctly I remcoal it was in the bleak December/ And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. Its almost like todays readers can see in films. One can picture a dainty cabin deep in the woods on a cold December night with nothing but one candle and a man like shadow which can be seen through the window.Nevertheless, it is a perfect prelude to a horror movie or in this case to a horror poem. In addition to dark setting there is a dark protagonist, a young man suffering a great occur of pain, more precisely loss of a loved woman. Any human would start to question himself an d talk to himself as he did in all of that privacy and misery, but the only reply he got from the predate is Nevermore. That word is pretty devastating for the man on the edge. The Raven itself is a bad omen, dark one since it founders volume to a dark, spooky, ghostly atmosphere.His black feathers are traditionally considered to be a magic sign of something evil, rotten and ill. For the tone Poe is looking for, the raven is perfectly suitable bird. It looks just like the night it came out of. Yet again the night is another motif in poem which is entirely dark in physical and psychological sense. Night represents mysterious and s illuminancely dangerous power of nature and it fits perfectly in the poem. Poe does not choose to write a horror of a sunny afternoons setting. One of the first things one can notice while reading The Scarlet Letter is ample amount of hypocrisy.The society itself is hypocritical, nothing is white or black, people lie and everyone wears a mask, so that c an be interpreted as dark motif. there are many examples of collision of light and darkness throughout the novel. blowsy is used to describe and emphasize good qualities of a human within or present state of emotions. And on the other hand, dark is obviously opposite of that. For example there is a scene when Pearl turns her head away from apt sunlight after stepping out in her mothers arms from the dark, gloomy prison.This shows the contrast between light and dark and also evokes pity for the shaver and her mothers imprisonment. She bore in her arms a child, a baby of some three months old, who winked and turned aside its little face from the in like manner vivid light of day because its existence, heretofore, had brought it acquainted only with the gray twilight of a dungeon, or other darksome apartment of the prison. There is another example of light and dark in Hesters description of Chillingsworth. She describes him as a devil-like figure with a black soul and eyes burnin g red like fire.Light and darkness represent change of behaviour and personality in a character and this is one of the best examples of that change. Chillingsworth becomes literally and figuratively dark and continues tormenting Dimmesdale. The forest in the novel is described as dark several times especially in comparison with the town. Everything happening outside of the town is considered to be dark which representation sinful. For example, Hester who is a sinner in the eyes of society lives on the outskirts of town in the woods. Society dismissed her and marked her as an outcast.The fact she is living on a border of town and forest shows how certain people thought of her in certain situations. During the night she found refuge in the woods with Dimmesdale and during the day she was a sinner in the eyes of society in the town. The forest was seen as the place of evil by townsmen because it was unknown and mysterious. The wilderness of the forest is compared with the Hesters mora l wilderness. She had wandered, without rule or guidance, in a moral wilderness as vast, as intricate and shadowy, as the untamed forest. In Bartleby the Scrivener by Melville one can use doubling as a dark motif.The first example of doubles is Nippers and Turkey. They act like one person which is shown in the way they live their lives. Turkey is off in the morning because of the alcohol he drank the night before and Nippers is off in the afternoon because of his indigestion collectible to the lunch he had not so long before. They act like two faces of a coin. The second example and most important one is Bartleby. Melville is evoking him as a kind of phantom double.Descriptions of him represent him as either ghostly or a corpse, cadaverous. His indifference toward anything makes The Lawyer feel guilty and the act of understanding and helping Bartleby is just a way of satisfying his conscience. Isolation is also a dark motif in Bartleby the Scrivener. During the day Bartleby stares at the window facing the wall and during the night he sleeps in his office. In fact, this is a perfect picture of Wall Street and people who were really emotionally imprisoned because of their work.The last author to be explained is Emily Dickinson. She was beyond her time, left all alone in her world with nobody there to understand her. Her life was lonely and that, among all else, resulted in two nervous breakdowns. The poetry she wrote was full of dark and mysterious motives. One of her many poems called Im nonentity, who are you? can explain the join of Dickinson. Although this poem has element of comic sense to it, its not quite as comical as it seems. Here Dickinson has a light tone, childish vocalism and she invites reader to come to her dark side.The main thesis in this poem is the loss of identity and personality. Im Nobody Who are you? / Are you Nobody too? / Then theres a pair of us / Dont tell theyd advertise you know She is explaining that there is a pair of th em, nobodies and outsiders. The speaker fears to reveal their identity because they will not be anonymous free-thinking nobodies that they have chosen to be. It is not arguable that all of these authors were lonely and filled with pain due to certain tragedies but some of them felt it more than others.If every aspect of their lives is taken in consideration one should give a gold medal in darkness and despair to Poe and Dickinson. Nevertheless, all of them were human with real human emotions and their way of coping with pain was by paper it on a piece of paper. No matter how morbid and depressing these works are, they are works of art. It is important to remember how difficult it is to share your emotions publicly and let every individual to interpret it in its own way, maybe even comparing it to its own life experiences. That is the beauty of it.

Hero and Beowulf

Epic wedgees possess many traits that other characters lack. Among these are physical ability, bravery, and intelligence. These attributes aid the heroes with their journeys through issue the epic. Beowulf exemplifies each of these traits somewhere is the story. They aid him in his competitivenesss with monsters and allow him to be a leader to his people. These traits cause Beowulf to stand out among his peers and endear him to the reader. Beowulf is definitely a perfect example of an epic hero. Beowulfs physical strength, bravery, and wisdom characterize him as an epic hero.Beowulfs physical strength is revealed to the reader through his amazing feats and his unbelievable disputes with mystical creatures. In lines 91 and 92 it states that Beowulf was the strongest man in the world. These words come from the Geats who are barbaric people to begin with. The point that they speak so highly of Beowulfs strength is a testament to its truthfulness. After Beowulf arrives in Denmark he cursorily travels to Herot to prepare for his battle with Grendel. In the lines following 307 it is stated that Grendel was instantly seized by Beowulf upon trying to clutch him.This is a feat that no man was able to accomplish before Beowulfs arrival. Beowulfs strength is also shown in his battle with Grendels mother. In lines 465 and 466 it states that Beowulf was able to throw the she-witch to the ground. This only reemphasizes Beowulfs great physical strength. Finally, Beowulfs strength is shown in his battle with the dragon. Beowulfs battle with the dragon occurs when he is an old man. The fact that Beowulf is still able to kill the dragon shows the reader the achievement of his great strength.Beowulfs great physical strength is unrivalled of the characteristics that make him an epic hero. The second characteristic that Beowulf embodies is bravery. In the beginning of the story it is made obvious to the reader that Beowulf has led a glorious youth. He preformed feats that n o other man would dare try. As soon as word of Grendel reaches the shores of Geatland, Beowulf makes it his personal mission to defeat the monster. During the battle with Grendel on lines 295 and 296, Beowulf lies patiently on the floor and waits for Grendel to seize him.He also chooses not to use weapons to bid the monster. When pursuing Grendels mother on lines 307 and 308, Beowulf jumps into the lake without a second thought. As he sinks to the bottom the thoughts crossing his estimation are of the battle to come and the glory he will gain. During the battle with the dragon Beowulf continues conflict alongside Wiglaf even after all others abandon them. One of the main sources of Beowulfs bravery is his belief that God is in control. Beowulf believes that he has no control over his own death.With this knowledge Beowulf can storm into battle with no hesitations. Beowulfs bravery is the second characteristic that makes him an epic hero. The final characteristic that sets Beowulf apart as an epic hero is his wisdom. From the beginning of the story Beowulf is painted as a wise individual. On the long journey from Geatland to Denmark Beowulf serves as the boat captain. He is the figurehead of his fellow Geats and is shown as the leader. During his battle with Grendel, Beowulf displays superior fighting ability and chip strategy.By pretending to be asleep, Beowulf surprises Grendel and gains the upper hand in the fight. When Beowulf is dragged into the she-witches lair he quickly realizes that his weapons have no effect. Beowulf sees the giants sword hanging on the wall and draws it. Using the sword he severs the head of Grendels mother and wins the battle. When Beowulf was go about with an unusual condition, he used his wisdom to guide him through the battle. hithertotually Beowulf became the ruler of Geatland. His years of fighting had given him the wisdom to effectively lead his people.There he would rule until his return to Denmark and his final battle with the dragon. Beowulfs strength is the third quality that defines him as an epic hero. Beowulf is one of the most popular examples of an epic hero. His physical strength, bravery, and wisdom set him apart from all other warriors. Beowulf was able to defeat enemies that no other man would challenge. Even though Beowulf was eventually slain in battle, he died never knowing defeat. This is an accomplishment that few heroes make. Beowulf represents one of the most notable epic heroes in history.

Cheerleading

Approximately half of the states in the unite States have got already recognized high school scoffleaders ender ennoble IX polity (Variants, 2009, p. 41). Since the popularity of free-enterprise(a) enliven is increasing, umpteen colleges and universities are looking to improve Title IX submission with the addition of warring press as a participation opportunity for its fe masculine students. These colleges and universities are faced with the dilemma t lid competitive cheer is non recognized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) as a pleasure therefore, the tec feels that competitive cheer should be an extramural first team lark.The purpose of this position paper is to provide various(prenominal) to the problems that colleges and universities face in complying with Title IX and to provide reasons why competitive cheerleaders should be an intercollegiate first team playfulness. Since the passage of Title IX in 1972, female person participation in spo rts has increased dramatically. Girls and women are no longer relegated to the sidelines, further are suiting up and Joining men on the playing fields. The legislation of Title IX prohibits trip out discrimination in educational institutions that receive Federal financial assistance.The lawfulness states No person in the United States, hall on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under whatsoever educational program or activity receiving federal official official financial assistance (Carpenter and Costa, 2005, p. 3). Title IX was enacted to atomic pile with all aspects of education, including admissions, recruitment, course offerings, financial assistance, housing, counseling, physical education, employment, restitution benefits, student health, and martial and parental status of students.During the original conception of the amendment there was no obvious accumulation that sports programs and acrob atic activities at the interscholastic and intercollegiate levels were covered under the regulations of Title X. Therefore, a great betray of perplexity generated on how to handle gymnastic sports under the Title IX Amendment. As a result, in 1974, the Cavity Amendment became a component of Title IX which acknowledges that all athletic activities and sports would be included in the legislation.In the 1996 Clarification, the segment of Education provided educational institutions and programs with an extensive range f specific factors and descriptive examples to assist institutions and programs meet the flexibility of the three-prong sieve. The three-prong test determines whether an educational institutions intercollegiate athletics program offers fair and equitable participation opportunities for two genders the educational institution must show compliance with one of the following three prongs 1.Prong One shows that male and female athletes are unanimously proportionate to t he institutions respective undergraduate enrollment. 2. Prong Two shows a ex among the intercollegiate athletes. 3. Prong Three demonstrates fully and effectively accommodate the interest and abilities of the underrepresented sex of the intercollegiate athletes. The 1996 Clarification letter describes the lusty proportionality portion of the three-prong test as a safe harbor for Title IX compliance (US Department of Education Website).Moreover, this Clarification letter influenced many educational institutions to believe that ensuring strict measures of proportionality will receive Title IX requirements. Each one or the three prongs is evenly essential as a means for fulfillment of Title IX regulations therefore, no one prong is more beneficial than the other. In 2005, the supernumerary Clarification was released in regard to the application of the indicators in the 1996 Clarification that guided Scars (Office of polite Rights) analysis of the substantial proportionality prong of the three-prong test.Also incorporated in the Additional Clarification was a Users Guide which contained a model survey that educational institutions could utilize to measure student interest and participation in intercollegiate athletics. This clarification modified Scars tone-beginning from dependence on the multiple prong tests to mainly utilizing the single survey instrument to demonstrate the institutions Title IX compliance.After many deliberations, in 2010, the OCCUR rescinded the 2005 Additional Clarification and Users Guide because it was inconsistent with the nondiscriminatory methods of assessment set ahead in the 1979 Policy Interpretation and the 1996 Clarification (US Department of Education Website). Presently, due to the vague nature of the three-prong compliance test, most colleges and universities Ely only on the substantial proportionality prong to satisfy Title IX legislation requirements.Therefore, the reliance on this prong has resulted in a great number o f mens room room non-revenue sports to be cut from intercollegiate athletic programs in order to meet the proportionality requirement (Variants, 2009, p. 43). A major way to decrease the elimination of mens non-revenue sports is for intercollegiate athletic programs to put more emphasis on prong three which concentrates to fully and intercollegiate athletes. The underrepresented sex in intercollegiate athletics is the male and with the addition of competitive cheerleaders as a varsity intercollegiate sport will assist educational institutions Title IX issues.The OCCUR sets guidelines to assist educational institutions and programs in determining whether an activity should be considered a varsity intercollegiate sport under the Title IX legislation. Unfortunately, OCCUR does non offer educational institutions with a precise definition of what is considered an athletic opportunity or a sport for the purposes of Title IX requirements. Instead the OCCUR provides educational institution s with a five features hat whoremaster to be counted as a varsity sport for Title IX purposes that a sport must 1.Be administered by the athletics department in a manner consistent with established varsity sports. 2. Offer athletics scholarships and recruit participants. 3. Have practice opportunities and regular-season competitive opportunities similar to established varsity sports 4. drive state, conference, or national championships. 5. Exist for the purpose of athletics competition, not to support or promote other athletics activities (NCAA. Org). The Womens Sports Foundation (WAS) and the NCAA Foundation (2000), a sport is defined as 1. Physical activity that involves propulsive a mass through space or overcoming the resistance off mass, 2. A contest or competition against or with an opponent, 3. Is governed by rules which explicitly defined the time, space, and purpose of contest and the conditions under which a master is declared, and 4. The acknowledged primary purpose o f the competition is a comparison of the relative skills of the participants (Para. 3 and Boyce, 2008, p. 3). Under the WAS, as long as competitive cheer squads compete against other similar squads and function underNCAA regulations then cheerleaders can be considered a sport consequently, the foundation found that cheerleaders is not a sport because their purpose is not to compete and most competitions are not structured like school sport competitions (Variants, 2009, p. 43). Second, the NCAA defines a sport as an institutional activity involving physical exertion with the purpose of competition versus or teams or individuals in spite of appearance a collegiate competition structure (NCAA. Org).Additionally, NCAA explains the concept of emerging sports that is a sport intended o provide additional athletic opportunities to female student-athletes, to have standardized rules with a scoring system canonical by a governing body, and have regularly scheduled competitions. The regula r army Federation for Sport mirthful is a not-for profit organization and is the national governing body for all disciplines of cheerleaders. Moreover, USA invigorate exists to help the entire cheer community, including club cheering, traditional school based cheer programs and the new sport of stunt. USA Cheer has three primary objectives 1 . Help grow and develop interest and participation in Cheer throughout the United States 2. Remote safety and safety education for cheer in the United States and 3. Represent the United States of America in international cheer competitions (USA Cheer. Org). Therefore, does competitive cheer meet these requirements to be considered an intercollegiate varsity sport in eyes of the OCCUR and the NCAA?The USA Cheer and the cheerleaders community are making strides to create and launch Stunt, a new competitive team sport which provides increased athletic and educational opportunities for young women. Stunt is a by-product from the skills and techni ques of traditional side line heralding. Moreover, USA Cheer is desperately trying to get stunt recognized as an NCAA emerging sport. The competitions will consist of quadruple quarters partner stunts, Jumps and group tumbling, tosses and pyramids, and team routine (Vesuvius, 2011, p. 457).There are 15 collegiate club teams with twenty to thirty participants. The USA Cheer suggests 12 to 16 numbers of competitions per season and requiring six to eight varsity members (p. 459). Currently, stunt provides additional opportunities for the more than 800,000 cheerleaders in the United States, including gig school age looking for an athletic opportunity at the intercollegiate athletic levels (USA Cheer. Org). Bidder v. Chinquapin University is a recent Title IX effect concerning competitive cheer as a sport, roster manipulation, and female athletic participation.In March 2009, the Chinquapin University womens volleyball team and their coach Robin Sparks filed a lawsuit against Chinquap in University because officials announced that it would cut womens volleyball, mens golf, and mens outdoor track to help balance its budget, and would replace those sports with a limitation, the volleyball players and their coach partnered with the American Civil Liberties Union (UCLA) of Connecticut and filed this lawsuit charging Chinquapin University had failed to provide female students with equal opportunity to participate in varsity intercollegiate athletics.Their claim was the university violated the first part of the Title IX proportionality test since 62 percent of Chinquapin Universitys undergraduate students were women and only 50 percent participated in athletics. Pending the lawsuit, the federal Judge issued a preliminary injunction preventing Chinquapin University from dissolving the team. The ruling also prohibited the university from eliminating any other womens teams or athletic participation opportunities (The Associated Press, 2009).The officials at Chinquapin Uni versity were under the impression that competitive cheer was deemed as an intercollegiate sport recognized by the NCAA and Title X. In July 2010, U. S. District Judge Stefan undersell ruled that counting the competitive cheer team as varsity athletes violated Title IX standards because it did not meet the requirements for a varsity sport according to the OCCUR. Undersell highlighted not only the splendor of having competition to be recognized as a sport but also that a sport must resemble all other varsity sports at the institution in structure and mental process (Inside Higher Deed, 2010).In comparison with other varsity sports at Chinquapin, the competitive cheer teams 2009-10 season faced inconsistencies in terms of opponents competed against and an unified scoring system used. In conclusion, Judge Undersell wrote in his decision that competitive cheer may, some- time in the future, qualify as a sport ender Title X however, nowadays the activity is still too underdeveloped an d disorganized to be treated as offering veridical varsity athletic participation opportunities for students ( Inside Higher Deed, 2010 and Thomas, 2010).Judge Undersell also noted that competitive cheer is not a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) sport even though, six schools in the country compete for competitive cheer and have a governing body called National emulous Stunt and Tumbling Association. Also, Judge Undersell extended the injunction requiring Chinquapin to keep volleyball as a varsity sport for another season, which was wrought the 2010-11 season. Judge Undersell mandated that any decision to slip by womens volleyball must be accompanied by other changes that will bring the university into compliance with Title X (Inside Higher Deed, 2010).In conclusion, Title IX is a very critical piece of legislation that has place the fundamental framework for the advancement of gender equity. Therefore, Title IX still plays a vital parting in the achievement of p ure gender equity because girls and women in sports have a great deal more to accomplish. A goal of Title is to not deny any gender of participating in sport or athletic activity of their interest therefore, it is important to give equal athletic opportunities to female athletes who are interested in competing in an up and coming sport like competitive cheerleaders.Recognizing competitive cheerleaders as a sport would give educational institutions the ability to put the focus on beef up safety regulations of competitive cheer because the NCAA would require strict regulations for a intercollegiate varsity sport. Meanwhile, competitive cheer will not completely solve the gender equity issues for girls and omen and the crisis of the elimination of mens non-revenue programs but it would the many female athletes the opportunity to participate in a sport that has been around for many, many decades.

Northwest Airlines Confronts Change

Deregulation of the airline industry in 1978 Increased competition, new travelers needs, problems, strikes, concern to the highest degree the safety of aircraft, oil crisis problem northwestward has a reputation for being very conservative fiscal require and relationship rules work very hard. Despite the six years since the start of deregulation, Northwest does not yet have the technological capabilities (electronic reservation systems ) or human skills that are more guest-oriented and service.Steve Rothmeier took over the trouble and committed to his side a psychological mint Myers to help reposition the organization (potentially hostile environment) in depth Have more balance between mgmt and workers operate more service-oriented Rothmeiers Story Part 1 The salubrious point of the telephoner is the trust and employee rob The main weakness is unionism (95%). Dr. Kens job is to wee-wee supervisors and managers to adopt a more participatory role.Ken style (bearded academi c) Is quite different from mgmt in place (weird) He did not rank high not to be perceived as a member of mgmt but is a general help to communicate, understand the problems of organization and motivation, to pass messages. Northwest is now in a strong position on the domestic market with a strong presence The most difficult thing is to maintain this leading position and that change can help. A peculiarity of such a large aviation lodge is that people are still running and it is therefore difficult to convey factual messages. Rumors faster than new.Drivers etc are dif ficult to gather together (via cassettes solution does not really work either for channeling rumors). The efforts of Dr. Ken led the company to become4thin customer service. To deal with all major operators in 1986 announced Rothmeier acquiring democracy Airlines (Minneapolis, stpaul). Kens Story Part 1 Arrived in 1985 in an organization where there is no No marketing (and sellers), no HR (relations punitive, negative ), no operations (old infrastructure). For him this represents a great challengeI was coming out there to do my semblance. We do not give unfortunately not re s sources or spatial relation he asks. He gives the first 6 months to build a network of relationships (as a politician) and to gather information on the organization. to build myself into the system, and to build some k nowledge and credibitiliy. In me me time, travel and visit for a maximum tally confidence and Co-operation of employees, he immersed himself as much as possible to understand the pr e occupations workers (hostility, emotions, frustrations, difficulties). Finally, it refers to Rothmeier regularly its experience, and interpretation of events it becomes necessary.They establish a personal relationship. Mission Dr Kenanalyze the culture and lead to a culture more oriented to meet customer and people oriented. Build a new spirit, professionalism, pride in the company. Develop and conduct the training that will support these goals, and destroy processes that go against the expected change Rothmeier someone has the regard Who Does not care about people. Ken launches campaign with logo pin and People Pride Performance with party and announced in the newsletter.It is also launching a 3-day course for supervisors on communication and behavioral techniques. Managers were able to meet and talk. It also reviews with a mixed group of employees in the form of performance that everyone hates. Despite these small successes, Dr. Ken is frustrated because Steve does not follow at financial support (buying a projector ) and Ken pushed farther and faster than it wants to move. Regarding the fuser, Dr. Ken believes that the two companies have not prepared enough fusion of cultures (service-oriented old militaristic structure) with team building and planning.The merger took place in October 1986, and 33 500 employees and the company is nowthe5th largest box sector. Rothmeiers Story Part 2 He want s to merge all departments and systems at once. Disaster very fast Flight delays, double-booking of passengers, baggage lost, numerous logistical problems, etc not to mention the war between the two worlds unionists from each company. Wage inequality, cuts in wages etc.. Unions of Corporate Republic Planned platform has HAD to try and destroy the service levels of the airline company and bring the knees to icts.They destroy the image of Rothmeier in the press, pretending to be a boss who does not communicate. Thinks Steve at it again, it would impose more control over the merger (procedures, discipline, structure). He received death threats and tone hardens with unions in daily confrontations. A cream off crashes in Detroit 156 dead. Kens Story Part 2 We could have avoided many of the problems by better planning defecate employees how their jobs and responsibilities would change. As he predicted everything that is finally produced, seen as a prophet and called for advice.He then feels really good. But the company continues to suffer, the operations do not work. He launched the Crew Chief and Supervisor Academies for one week seminar for leadership Very positive effect on the leaders, but hardening of Trade Unions (vandalism ). Rothmeiers Story Part 3 Meeting all employees involved in the incident and sharing his experiences with them and listen. The publics reaction is amazing Complaints about incidents that neer occurred on flights that do not exist. But catharsis effect for employees who understand that change is necessary.Ken then starts to duologue programs to deal with problems without the intervention of management etc.. Great success. Ken enthusiastic people. The barrier decreases with the unions but Ken gets the status of Staff Vice President which provides a barrier with Steve. It loses its power to influence employees, it exceeds the limits of its competence and loses general support. 1988 is the year of profits, union agreements and imposed passenger complaints. But hostile takeover of Marvin Davis we regret the time extra in wars union Kens Story Part 3For him, the company has managed the post-crash exemplary manner. This unit employees and accelerated integration. Ken launches On-the-lineFor managers. The program Operation BreakthroughIs his greatest earnment over 9 months. Another merger announced in 1989 and Steve is more occupied with that. This undermines the relationship with Ken and Ken frustrating. Budget Ken is also reduced. With the sale of the company, Ken feels that collaboration ends. According to him, Northwest has never been sufficient resources to carry out the change. Report KenTo achieve integration it takes 3 things Indoctrination Reduce the anxiety of change, take care of personal and professional needs, identify themselves with the company and get to carry out his work. Should be informed about the position, benefits, privileges, new rules of society etc.. Socialization Symbols info continuou sly playing field, trainings, team building, to strengthen the organization, and not to leave the hands of the unions. Organization Clarifying roles, reduce potential conflicts, improve communication, solved problems together and ion accelerating natural processes.

Challenges: Struggle and Arnold Spirit Jr

Ch on the wholeenges Challenges, spit outs atomic number 18 continuously a part of human life. Challenges are to test of iodins abilities. Struggle what makes tidy sum stronger physically and emotionally its a difficulty, conflicts that people face to be success. It is not easy to accept challenges and struggle and achieve what you down been challenged for. In a novel called The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian by Sherman Alexie the main character name Arnold Spirit Jr. was born in a poor Indian family and detaind in a Indian reservation.Junior is a boy who wanted to do something different, different then people in his rez have ever d mavin. His life always brings new challenges and struggled a lot. livelihood always brings challenges and struggles however the most important thing is how you accept challenges and struggle in order to succeed. Arnold spirit Jr. career is began with a challenge He was born with cerebral spinal fluid and forty two teeth. Doctors gi ve tongue to he is not going to survive or just a living object stock-still if I somehow survived the mini Hoover.I was supposed to suffer serious brain damage during the procedure and live the rest of his live as a vegetable (page 2). Due to his brain damage he had beholding problem. But he survived he was fine a lived his live normally. He was born in a poor Indian family were they live in Indian reservation. They sometimes have to sleep empty stomach, My family misses a meal, and sleep is the only thing we have for dinner (page 8). One of his surpass mavin name Oscar his favorite. He lost him because he and his family didnt have money to cure him.In spite of being poor and losing his pet Oscar he understood that his family is poor. He controlled his anger he had towards his family and him being poor. He learned and understood that it wasnt his or his parents fault that they are poor. His anger level increased and he got unwrap of control when he saw her mothers name on his book. He had to theatre of operations so old book. His teacher realizes and tells him that he is strong and he has hope in his life that he cease fulfill it. He doesnt want to live his life like others. He then clear-cut that his life is not going to be like others in rez he then decided to study in other indoctrinate to fulfill his dream and goal. One of the most important challenge in his life was when he decided to think beyond what he have thought before, No one in his family or in his rez have ever thought of doing he decided to leave his rez school and join another school where white people studies in Readan. He had to face many problems and struggled a lot in order to go and study and be what he wants to be in life.His best and his only friend in rez Rowdy was no longer his friend. He was alone as he was the only Indian in that school. He was being bullied being called by different names in his new school as he was Indian. In spite of all his problem struggled he recogn ized it as a challenge. He fought with roger a student who bullied him all the time he punched him. Students started knowing him he was no longer being bullied or an unknown in school. He gained confident on himself. He started making friends. Even Roger became his friend.As he was physically weak than others he still joined basketball squad were students in his team were big and tuff. It was hard for him to join the team provided he did it he turn out himself that he can do it. He worked hard one his selection were he had to face roger one on one in order to be selected he lost several time but he didnt give up. His coach inspired him a lot it was him who made him strong, his advice, The quality of a mans life is in direct proportion to his commitment to excellence, regard less of his chosen field of endeavor (page 148).He then started playing game so good that he became star of Readan. He lost his loves one people who he inspires and loves. He lost his grandmother his fathers friend Eugene and his sister. Their death made him upset and depressed his but he still managed to control himself and fulfill his biggest challenge. Life is not easy I believe struggle and challenges are parts of live. No matter who you are what you are life always brings challenges and struggles.Life always brings challenges and struggles but the most important thing is how you accept your challenges and struggle in order to succeed Arnold Sprit Jr. faced challenges and struggles from the day one of his life. In spite of all his problems in his life he managed and survived from all his struggle and challenges. I always knew that no matter what I have to face challenges in life as Arnold did. Many famous people in this origination like Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther king and Christopher Columbus accepted challenges in life and succeeded.

Negative Economic Impacts of Tourism Essay

There argon numerous hidden costs to tourism, which can affirm unfavorable economic effects on the army federation. very much rich countries are better able to profit from tourism than poor ones. Whereas the least developed countries have the about urgent need for income, employment and general rise of the standard of living by operator of tourism, they are least able to realize these benefits. Among the reasons for this are large-scale transfer of tourism revenues out of the host realm and exclusion of local businesses and products.LeakageThe direct income for an area is the amount of tourist expenditure that remain locally later on taxes, profits, and wages are paid outside the area and after imports are purchased these subtracted amounts are called outpouring. In most all-inclusive package tours, about 80% of travelers expenditures go to the airlines, hotels and other international companies (who much have their headquarters in the travelers home countries), and not to local businesses or workers. In addition, significant amounts of income in truth retained at destination level can leave once again through leakage.A mull over of tourism leakage in Thailand estimated that 70% of all money spent by tourists ended up leaving Thailand (via unlike-owned tour operators, airlines, hotels, imported drinks and feed, etc.). Estimates for other Third World countries range from 80% in the Caribbean to 40% in India. stemma Sustainable LivingThere are two main ways that leakage occursImport leakageThis commonly occurs when tourists demand standards of equipment, food, and other products that the host country cannot supply. Especially in less-developed countries, food and drinks must frequently be imported, since local products are not up to the hotels (i.e. tourists) standards or the country simply doesnt have a supplying diligence. Much of the income fromtourism expenditures leaves the country again to pay for these imports.The average import-related le akage for most growing countries today is between 40% and 50% of blunt tourism earnings for small economies and between 10% and 20% for most advanced and diversified economies, fit to UNCTAD.Even in developed regions, local producers are often unable to supply the tourism industry appropriately even if good will is present the 64-room hotel Kaiser im Tirol in Austria, an award-winning leader in sustainable practices, cannot find organic food suppliers in the local farming networks in the appropriate quantity, quality and reliability, as production cycles and processes are not compatible with its needs. Source Austrian Preparatory Conference for the International year of Ecotourism, September 2001Export leakageMultinational corporations and large foreign businesses have a substantial lot in the import leakage. Often, especially in poor exploitation destinations, they are the only ones that possess the necessary capital to invest in the construction of tourism root word and fa cilities. As a consequence of this, an export leakage arises when foreign investors who finance the resorts and hotels take their profits back to their country of origin.A 1996 UN report evaluating the portion of tourism to national income, gross levels of incomes or gross foreign exchange, prime that net earnings of tourism, after deductions were made for all necessary foreign exchange expenditures, were much more significant for the industry. This report found significant leakage associated with (a) imports of materials and equipment for construction (b) imports of consumer goods, particularly food and drinks (c) repatriation of profits earned by foreign investors (d) overseas promotional expenditures and (e) amortization of external debt incurred in the ontogenesis of hotels and resorts. The impact of the leakage varied greatly across countries, depending on the structure of the economyand the tourism industry. From the data presented in this culture on the Caribbean, St. L ucia had a foreign exchange leakage rate of 56% from its gross tourism receipts, Aruba had 41%, Antigua and Barbuda 25% and Jamaica 40%.Source Caribbean VoiceEnclave tourismLocal businesses often see their chances to earn income from tourists severely reduced by the humankind of all-inclusive vacation packages. When tourists remain for their entire stay at the same cruise ship or resort, which leave alones everything they need and where they will make all their expenditures, not much opportunity is left for local state to profit from tourism.The Organization of American States (OAS) carried out a survey of Jamaicas tourist industry that looked at the role of the all-inclusives compared to other types of accommodation. It found that All-inclusive hotels generate the largest amount of revenue but their impact on the economy is smaller per dollar of revenue than other accommodation subsectors.It also concluded that all-inclusives imported more, and diligent fewer people per dollar of revenue than other hotels. This information confirms the concern of those who have argued that all-inclusives have a smaller trickle-down effect on local economies. (Source Tourism Concern)The cruise ship industry provides another theoretical account of economic enclave tourism. Non-river cruises carried some 8.7 million international passengers in 1999. On many ships, especially in the Caribbean (the introductions most popular cruise destination with 44.5% of cruise passengers), guests are encouraged to spend most of their time and money on board, and opportunities to spend in some ports are closely managed and restricted.Other ostracise impactsInfrastructure costTourism development can cost the local government and local taxpayers a great deal of money. Developers may want the government to improve the airport,roads and other infrastructure, and possibly to provide tax breaks and other financial advantages, which are costly activities for the government. Public resources spe nt on subsidized infrastructure or tax breaks may reduce government investment in other critical areas such(prenominal) as education and health.Increase in pricesIncreasing demand for basic services and goods from tourists will often cause price hikes that negatively affect local residents whose income does not increase proportionately. A San Francisco State University study of Belize found that, as a consequence of tourism development, the prices for locals increased by 8%.Tourism development and the related rise in real estate demand may dramatically increase structure costs and land values. Not only does this make it more difficult for local people, especially in developing countries, to meet their basic daily needs, it can also result in a handedness by outsiders in land markets and in-migration that erodes economic opportunities for the locals, eventually disempowering residents. In Costa Rica, close to 65% of the hotels belong to foreigners. Long-term tourists living in seco nd homes, and the so-called amenity migrants (wealthy or retired people and enceinte professionals moving to attractive destinations in order to enjoy the atmosphere and peaceful rhythms of life) cause price hikes in their new homes if their numbers attain a certain critical mass.Economic dependence of the local community on tourismDiversification in an economy is a sign of health, however if a country or region becomes dependent for its economic survival upon one industry, it can put major pains upon this industry as well as the people involved to perform well. Many countries, especially developing countries with little ability to explore other resources, have embraced tourism as a way to pressurise the economy.In The Gambia, for instance, 30% of the workforce depends directly or indirectly on tourism. In small island developing states, percentages can range from 83% in the Maldives to 21% in the Seychelles and 34% in Jamaica,according to the WTO. Over-reliance on tourism, espec ially mass tourism, carries significant risks to tourism-dependent economies. Economic recession and the impacts of natural disasters such as tropical storms and cyclones as well as changing tourism patterns can have a devastating effect on the local tourism sector.Malta has only 380,000 residents, but received 1.2 million tourists in 1999. As 25% of gross domestic product (and indirectly 40% ), tourism generated more than $650 million in foreign exchange earnings. Maltas gamey dependence on tourism and a limited number of export products makes its trade performance undefendable to shifts in international demand.Source Washington TimesSeasonal character of hypothecatesThe seasonal character of the tourism industry creates economic problems for destinations that are heavily dependent on it. Problems that seasonal workers face include job (and therefore income) insecurity, usually with no guarantee of employment from one season to the next, difficulties in getting training, employm ent-related health check benefits, and recognition of their experience, and unsatisfactory housing and working conditions.